污水泵站通风设计探讨

介绍了污水泵站内有害气体的特征及危害性,探讨了对污水泵站内有害物进行通风控制的设计方法。     

浙江沿海台风灾害区农房防灾避险体系探讨

台风灾害是浙江省的主要自然灾害之一。根据实地考察数据与分析资料,通过对沿海现有农房防灾能力分析,指出了造成部分农房避灾能力薄弱的原因,然后从农房防御强风能力建设、农房防灾减灾保障体系、农房规划建设管理体系、农村避灾安置场所建设、农房救助体系等方面探讨了构建农房防灾避险体系所要采取的应对措施。     

甘肃典型夯土民房承重墙体加固试验研究

武都是甘肃省典型夯土民房使用地区,研究其夯土民房的抗震性能对于防灾减灾具有重要意义.在试验中,使用武都当地常用土料,完全按照其施工工艺夯筑4片夯土墙体试件,利用伪静力方法研究了素土墙体与使用铁丝网加固墙体的抗剪强度.结果显示:①在竖向荷载10 kN条件下,加固墙体试件较素土墙体试件的水平开裂荷载和极限荷载分别增长了73...     

宣钢2500m~3高炉出铁场除尘系统的改进

宣钢2 500m3高炉炼铁生产过程中,在铁口及摆动溜嘴等处产生大量烟尘,原除尘系统因各种原因不能有效捕集。通过对原除尘系统各支管道进行风量、风压测定,结合高炉实际生产情况,新增一套除尘系统,对原除尘系统管网和各产尘点的捕集罩重新进行设计,使烟尘捕集率达95%以上,有效控制了烟尘外溢。     

构建环境友好生态型家庭的指标体系及其对策

中国已逐渐步入全面建设小康和谐生态型社会的发展阶段,构建环境友好生态型家庭是其中一项重要内涵。在遵循城市生态学原理的基础上,首次提出了环境友好生态型家庭的科学概念;其次,给出了建立环境友好生态型家庭应当遵循的5项原则和构建环境友好生态型家庭的具体指标体系;最后,给出了建设环境友好生态型家庭的具体对策和措施,并展望了中国未来的生态型家庭建设的相关目标。     

Metals in the indoor environment

There is a growing recognition that individual exposures to a broad spectrum of metal, inorganic and organic pollutants exceed those from ambient and in some cases from the vicinity of industry environments. The agents often found in indoor environments are mostly known to be hazardous in high concentrations, but the lower limit of their dose response relationships are poorly defined.

The major sources of metals in indoor environments are cigarette smoke (mainstream and side stream), fuel combustion, house dust and consumer products with arsenic, cadmium, lead and nickel being of primary toxicological potential (i.e. carcinogenic, genotoxic and reproductive development). Aspects of levels and duration of human exposure to these elements in relation to existing body burdens and subsequent bioavailability and interactions are generally poorly known from inhalation sources.

Although the magnitude of indoor health hazards to metallic constituents is not now known, mounting evidence suggests that both identification of agents and the measurement of indoor exposures are critical for a more realistic assessment of the effect of this aspect of air pollution on human health.     

Cadmium and lead bioaccumulation in male chickens for high food concentrations

Cadmium and lead bioaccumulation in broilers fed on rations containing high concentrations of Cd and Pb was studied. The degree of bioaccumulation was assessed by using klark of concentration (Kc). It was established that the 100 and 200 fold increase of lead and cadmium in the ration resulted in their increase in the muscles, the bones and the liver, but the degree of bioaccumulation was considerably lower than the increase of both of the heavy elements in the ration indicated by the lower Kc. A conclusion was drawn that the organism possesses adaptation mechanisms for limitation of cadmium and lead bioaccumulation through these mechanisms are not efficient enough for high ration doses of both elements. High ration doses resulted in bioaccumulation exceeding the safe for humans concentrations of lead in the bones and of cadmium in the muscles (for doses 200 fold higher than the highest Bulgarian State standard 13426–77 permissible concentrations /HPC/) and in the liver for doses 100 fold higher than HPC.     

代森锰锌和ND－901中代森锰锌在大棚黄瓜上残留动态的研究

采用顶空气相色谱（GLC-HS）分析技术测定了代森锰锌、ND－901中代森锰锌在大棚黄瓜上的残留动态。喷施70％代森锰锌可湿性粉剂的500倍、250倍药液,测出黄瓜上原始沉积量分别为0.88～2.70mg/kg、1.11～3.79mg/kg;半衰期为1.6～9.5天、2.3～10.9天。黄瓜叶片上原始沉积量分别为148.01～164.08mg/kg、246.26～254.51mg/k;半衰期为15.8～16.2、18.4天。ND－901中代森锰锌的残留量均低于单剂。另外,自来水去污处理可有效地减少瓜上代森锰锌的残留量,平均去污率87％。     

西安市新装修室内空气中醛酮类化合物的污染特征及健康效应

室内空气质量与人体健康息息相关，为了解新装修室内大气中醛酮类化合物的污染特征及健康效应，实验对西安市三个不同装修材料及不同装修风格房间的大气环境开展研究。使用2,4-二硝基苯肼硅胶提取小柱（DNPH）进行采样，并采用高效液相色谱（high performance liquid chromatography，HPLC）对18种醛酮类物质进行检测，研究其污染水平及特征，并根据物质的光化学反应活性，计算其臭氧生成潜势（ozone formation potential，OPF），评估其对不同年龄段人群的非致癌和致癌健康效应。研究表明：（1）18种醛酮类物质在三个新装修房间空气样品中的总含量为79.9—194.4 μg·m⁻³，高于普通室内环境中的含量。且在供暖期含量显著增加，升高了23.9%—53.3%。其中丙酮、甲醛、乙醛、正壬醛是主要的污染物，其中丁酮在Room 2中显著高于其他两个房间。（2）甲醛和乙醛的光化学活性显著高于其他物质，因而对OPF贡献较大。丙酮虽然含量显著高于其他物质，但是由于光化学活性较低，对OPF贡献不显著。（3）乙醛超过了室内安全排放标准，且在Room 2和Room 3中的非致癌风险危险熵（hazard quotient，HQ）不容忽视。终身致癌风险评估（incremental lifetime cancer risks，ILCR）显示不同人群暴露甲醛的I_LCR均大于1×10⁻⁶，存在潜在健康风险。人群暴露乙醛的I_LCR值仅青少年和老年人在Room 1中低于1×10⁻⁶。由此可见新建住房室内空气中醛酮类物质的污染所产生的健康效应不能忽视。     

直接进样-气相色谱质谱法同时测定固定污染源排气中的含氟温室气体

建立了一种直接进样-气相色谱质谱法同时分离和测定固定污染源排气中三氟甲烷、四氟甲烷、六氟乙烷和六氟化硫等含氟温室气体的方法。使用CP-Sillica PLOT毛细管填充柱可使上述4种目标化合物实现基线分离。分别用全扫描模式和选择离子扫描模式进行定量分析,方法检出限分别为0.12,0.19,0.10,0.08 mg/m~3和2.8,3.4,1.7,3.1μg/m~3。探讨了样品保存容器与保存时间对样品浓度衰减的影响,指出Tedlar采样袋或铝塑复合膜采样袋可以较长时间保存样品,在常温下,样品可保存至少7 d。实际样品测定结果表明方法快速、简便,适用于固定污染源排气中含氟温室气体的测定。